Less developed countries already have a disadvantage pertaining to resources. The advertising of tobacco and alcohol would severely increase the negative affect. Both alcohol and tobacco, have been shown to be very addictive substances. Ethically, cognitive globalization of tobacco products threatens the autonomy of nations and their ability to protect the health of their citizens. It also violates the principle of non-maleficence insofar as there is no safe level of tobacco use and thus any promotion of trade in tobacco is in effect malevolent. Cigarette and e-cigarette waste can pollute soil, beaches and waterways.